Plan for an emarketing initiative Pisco Biondi

Introduction and organisation background Pisco Biondi is a liquor making organisation based in Peru. It was founded in the year 1972 by Antonio Biondi and was first called Antonio Biondi and sons. It was eventually renamed Pisco Biondi SAC after it became a public corporation.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Plan for an emarketing initiative: Pisco Biondi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company is located in Southern Peru so that manufacturers can gain access to raw materials easily. The organisation does not concentrate on mass production of its various categories of liquor because it prefers to provide more quality than quantity. This is the reason why the biggest demographic in its retail sales is composed of high income earners. The company initially focused and sold to the Peruvian market exclusively. However, this has now changed with its expansion into Germany, Mexico, Japan and even the United S tates. Now that the company is moving into these international markets, it will also use the same targeting strategy in those foreign markets. Pisco Biondi will largely be selling to high income earners there as well. It is in need of a fresh, efficient and economical way of reaching this new target market. There are a wide range of products sold by the company but all are derived from grapes. The item is a brandy that is consumed by most Peruvians; however, Pisco is also made in neighbouring countries such as Bolivia and Chile. Examples of brand names one can find in this product range include Bindi Italia, Biondi Puro, Biondi sour or Buiondi Italia six pack. Description of what the initiative is about The initiative will focus on providing this Pisco maker with an e marketing solution for their business in the new foreign countries. The initiative will combine two components which include online direct sales and online direct marketing. The main goal in this initiative is to be ab le to get to wide audience as well as minimise the costs entailed through the use of the internet. This kind of medium will allow the company to reach a vast number of consumers conveniently and tell them about their products and services (Raghu Khiang, 2000).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Online direct selling and online direct marketing will ensure that the company gets a boost to its already successful ecommerce strategy. Although the organisation is not 100 percent e-commerce, it has still used the internet for its sales. This e marketing initiative will therefore make the business more successful by increasing customer reach, heightening sales and subsequently increasing profit margins (Stone, 2007). The initiative will involve a three pronged approach: first it will entail the use of emails i.e. online email marketing, second it will embrace the use of social m edia such as facebook and twitter i.e. online direct selling on social media networks and third it will involve other websites that may have potential consumers such as online liquor stores, online retailers as well as online magazines. Analysis.  Industry/ market/ competitors In Peru, the Pisco Biondi brand is well recognised and regarded as one of the most successful makers of brandy. However, the same cannot be said of the company in other parts of the world. The firm has a small presence in these countries and very few of them actually know about it. In the United States, several brandy makers are competing with Pisco’s and some of them have been in the market for a very long time. Consumers tend to focus on cheaper commodities over and above the costly ones. Compared to other high end brandies, Pisco is likely to do well in these circumstances because its quality is higher than the price. Japan and Germany are showing some positive responses to the product but they cou ld definitely improve. Research findings.  Value proposition The great thing about this method of advertising is that it can be done so fast. Traditional marketing methods such as tvs and radios would take too long. Even traditional direct selling methods such as direct mail or coupons and leaflets would be too slow as one would have to find a way of physically transporting the information to the consumer.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Plan for an emarketing initiative: Pisco Biondi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy of online direct marketing will allow Pisco Biondi to send information to a large portion of the public at the shortest time possible. Once information has been found concerning email addresses or social networking profile names, all the company needs to do is click and send. Email addresses can be found so easily as will be discussed below so this should not be a problem for th e company (Nowak, 2008). This strategy provides Pisco Biondi with a range of options that they can use in order to reach consumers; it does not rely on only one avenue as would other methods of direct selling. Therefore inefficiencies in one method can be overcome by strengths in another. For example, not everyone can be found through email databases so this inefficiency will be corrected by targeting potential buyers on social networking websites. On the other hand, not all potential buyers will give information about their liquor preferences on social networking websites; consequently, the campaign will then address this inefficiency through the use of banner ads on selected websites. Therefore, this three pronged approach will contribute towards a very comprehensive marketing strategy that will reach as many clients as possible. The company will not be carrying out every step of the marketing initiative on their own. There are experts who have already done research on possible ta rget consumers in various countries around the world. This information can be purchased and used in order to get to target audiences (Haughton, 1997). Additionally, the method will involve automation and use of software to monitor the company’s progress. Consequently, the company will need to involve only minimal effort in getting their message across.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This emarketing initiative will contribute towards the access of home product purchasers who currently prefer using the internet to make their purchases. The buyers can be fully aware of the products they are buying through visual displays of the products (Zahvai, 1997). It will boost brand identity because liquor consumers will become familiar with the name and the brand. Also, online direct marketing is likely to translate into purchases because the consumers will be redirected to the company website where they can make their purchase. This would heighten overall sales and cause many individuals to continue buying form the company. Pisco Biondi is also likely to increase its profit margins through reduced expenditures. Other indirect marketing channels are more expensive. Also, direct marketing without the use of the internet may also be costly because it is likely to translate into creation of materials. The firm will only use a small portion of what it would have used through ot her conventional modes of marketing and this will save them money. The result will be an overall increase in profit margins. One cannot also be sure about these traditional methods’ reach and effectiveness. Through online direct marketing, the company will be sure. Objectives 1. To create an international Pisco Biondi Presence. Through the three pronged approach that will used in this initiative, the company will be better able to reach its worldwide consumers. Most of the countries targeted are advent users of the internet so this will definitely be a channel worth pursuing. The global market can be difficult to access using traditional media but this strategy will do so effortlessly. First of all, the emarketing strategy will be able to facilitate the ecommerce strategy in place currently. Since consumers from other parts of the world are in different time zones or they are confined by geographical barriers, it will be a very good idea to get to them using an online marketi ng strategy such that these limitations of physical distance can be overcome. Also, because many residents are quite busy at work, then chances are that an online way of marketing and selling to them would be more appropriate (Spiller, 1997). Studies indicate that in the western world, approximately fifty seven percent of internet users check their email on a daily basis. Many more visit facebook, twitter or other social networking websites regularly and the same can be said of online stores or businesses. This e marketing strategy will be designed to reach a very wide consumer base through a method that resonates with their lifestyles. This will not only save the Pisco Biondi shelf space, it will also build a great online presence for the company. 2. To generate and also increase sales. Online direct marketing will cause the consumers to know about the product and therefore purchase it. Since the company carries out online transactions then this will be a relatively easy task. The marketing strategy will be a continuation of the ecommerce business that already has a firm foothold in the host country Peru. This campaign does not involve a complicated message (which is almost impossible to do in direct marketing). It will simply tell the customers what the products is about and no complicated meanings will be found in it, this straight to the point approach is likely to create a good return on Pisco Biondi’s investment. The marketing campaign will possess a ‘call to action’ either by telling the viewers of the information to make a call, visit the website or click on a website link. All these actions will possibly be done with the intention of making a purchase. Buyers who view the information and are interested in purchasing will be able to do so easily by simply clicking on a link that will direct them to the company website. Furthermore, they will be informed about all the issues they need to known about the products through this initiati ve. Consequently, consumers will not need to go through great lengths in order to access it and their satisfaction with the company’s provisions will increase. 3. To improve customer relationship management by responding to consumer needs quickly (Novak, 1999). This initiative will not just be done for the sole purpose of generating new clients; it will also be done in order to enhance repeat sales from previously existing customers by creating a relationship with them. Customers who have already purchased a product from Pisco’s website will have indicated that they are immensely interested in what is on offer by the organisation. Therefore, the company can send them direct emails about new products, campaigns in their area etc. It will form some kind of partnership with them and will therefore enrich their consumer experience. Repeat business and customer loyalty have been recognised by many as a sure way of ensuring high cash flow (Campbell, 1997). It takes less time and effort to market to someone who has never heard of a product than to one who has and actually liked it. Pisco will target achieving repeat sales through this strategy. 4.To boost consumer confidence. This will be achieved by showing the consumer that the company does indeed have a dependable online presence and that it can always be reached whenever the customer requires something from the organisation (King et. al., 2000). 5. To measure effectiveness of the campaign and thus get value for money. One of the most appealing qualities of online direct marketing is that is can be easily measured. Since Pisco Biondi will be sending a certain number of emails, social networking messages and placing a certain number of advertisements, the company will be in a position to measure the outcome of the method by looking at how many emails were replied and how many adverts solicited responses. In this regard, if the potential buyer clicks on the company link or they make a call to the compa ny offices then that will be rated as positive action. The organisation can then determine their rate of success by comparing this number with the original. The company will also be in a position to reassess its campaign so as to improve it and thus make it better. Strategies Email marketing optimisation will be one of the key strategies used in the marketing campaign. Here, the company will send consumers information about the products and will offer a link on the email that will allow customers to immediately get to the company website. However, several email marketing methods have been criticised for their invasion of privacy. In fact, many consumers have installed antispamming software to detect these kinds of emails. In order to ensure that Pisco Biondi does not fall prey this issue, emails will only be sent to possible target customers. Most recipients will consider unwanted emails as junk if they are not interested in the product; however, if they are, then the email will be more than welcome. The company will use the services of online database makers such as Engage. The latter organisation normally collects information about the demographics, buying habits, entertainment preferences and other details about people on the internet. Pisco Biondi will purchase the names of these people from those companies and thus send emails to consumers who are likely to buy a product from the company (Blattberg Petrison, 1997). Engage already boasts of a database of 30 million users and possesses a lot of information about their preferences or any other related information. Other companies that work with consumers online also know a lot about them and can also give a hint on their ability to purchase from Pisco or not. Email addresses will be purchased or obtained from those organisations and will be used in the campaign. It is likely that they can lead to more positive responses than by simply sending emails to any email address that the company can find. Usually, e mail addresses are found by forwards sent to different people in one’s mailing list. A private email can therefore end up being viewed by thousands of people and thus provide them with the opportunity to contact the individual. Many ethical issues have cropped concerning this tactic as it may be seen as intrusive. One way in which Pisco Biondi will counter the effects of such negative effects will be to countercheck on opt out lists found in several countries around the world. Poorly demographically based databases are likely to cause this reaction but so are people who have a negative sentiment against bulk emails; only those customers who are not in opt out lists will be directed by Pisco. Additionally, the firm will ascertain that it does not miss out on certain customers by utilising software from email service providers. The software will prevent the company’s emails from being categorised as spam when the recipient is not an opt – out client Milne, 2000). For this emarketing strategy to work, the company will also need to ensure that they do not display their advertisements to people who are not interested in viewing them. In other words, the company will use pop up advertisements on the internet on online magazines and online retail stores. These websites will either exclusively focus on the sale of liquor or they will focus on other products alongside liquor. Consequently, when someone visits those websites then chances are that the individual would be interested in viewing information about Pisco. Also, particular emphasis will be given to those websites that do not just focus on one type of liquor such as beer because customers may be interested only in this category. Online retail stores that possess a wide range of these products would be more preferable in the campaign. These pop up adverts will also provide a link that allows individuals to visit the company website and buy the product or at least get more information about i t so that they may be able to buy next time (Chhajed Chiang, 2003). When it comes to the issue of social networking websites, the company will have a great advantage here because social networks provide a lot of information about how consumers behave. They will state their preferences on one section of the online presence on those networks. Buyers are also likely to share jokes or place images in their profiles which give away information about their preferences. In order to ensure that the company reaches the right people, it will identify people on facebook and twitter who seem to have an inclination towards Pisco’s products. Critical success factors Several factors will contribute towards the success of this marketing strategy. Density is one of them; this involves the quantity of advertisements that will be available to the public/ target market. Dense marketing campaigns are more effective than sparse ones because the latter reach less potential buyers. Saturation will also be another vital component of the process. The firm will need to ensure that it does not reach saturations as this harms sales outcomes. Constant monitoring will be done in order to ensure that such levels are not attained. The company will create a number of advertisements but they all need to be tested one after the other. If one leads to desired responses then it can be maintained but if this is not the case then the organisation needs to remove it from the campaign. That will ensure that only the right advertisements are getting out there and that only desired outcomes are reached also. In the social networking websites, consumers who are irritated by the messages sent to them by the firm will always state this in their profiles. Pisco Biondi will need to monitor those responses and thus ensure that they are not causing a certain degree of saturation among the chosen social networking websites. For this e-marketing initiative, the company will need to think of proximity iss ues. In other words, the company must ensure that the advertisements and information sent are to people who may be interested in the product. The more they are interested in the product, the more likely the communication can create positive effects by leading to a sale. One of the methods in which the company can ensure that it is targeting the right people is through keyword searches. Consumers who tend to look for certain words are more likely to be interested in particular products. In the company’s case, search words such as liquor, brandy, foreign liquor can all contribute towards realisation of these kinds of effects. Efficient market surveys and target marketing will ensure that proximity is ascertained in the campaign. Lastly, for the project to be successful then Pisco Biondi must make sure that they create depth. The emails sent and the advertisements offered online will need to contain content that resonates with the buyer. It needs to be mature but captivating at the same time. Furthermore, cultural and social factors need to be taken into consideration since the target market spreads across a series of nations i.e. Japan, Germany or even Mexico. Standardised information for all clients would eliminate the concept of depth and this would not contribute towards an unsuccessful marketing strategy. Key action plans/ recommendations This marketing initiative will involve four major phases with the first being the research phase. In the research phase, the company through research firms will carry out an analysis of the customers and thus be able to identify the most likely candidates for the campaign. In other words, the research firm will look at some of the favourite food and wine magazines in Mexico, Japan, the USA as well as Germany. Pisco will also investigate the online retail stores that will form a part of this campaign and determine which ones will partner with it. Furthermore, the research firms can give them information about people w ho visit social networking sites such as facebook and twitter and find out which users are interested in liquors such that they can utilise them as targets for the advert. The other research will also be done by other external bodies which will already possess demographic details of the concerned customers such that they can be used in the marketing campaign. The firm will look for the things that make the customer respond well to advertisements by studying the market areas of those various target markets (Peltier Schribrowsky, 1997). It will copy formats that are more in tune with these preferences and thus lead to highly effective targeting The second phase will be the analysis phase. After collecting information about the customer, the company will then decide on the content and the quantity of the advertisements to be made and the emails to be sent. After learning about customer preferences in the target countries, it will then make custom made banner ads for those respective c onsumers. These banners will only contain information about the product and where to find the website. In other words, they will possess a call to action. The company will decide on the number of advertisements placed depending on the nature of customer databases they find for email marketing. It will need to keep track of this information so that it can use it later when it is assessing the effectiveness of its marketing actions (Geransar, 2008). The third phase will be the implementation phase. As the name suggests, this will involve sending people the actual communication concerning what the company has to offer. Emails will be sent to consumers and so will messages through facebook, twitter and other social networking websites. On facebook and twitter, the company will send them personalised messages. Since consumers respond well to personalised messages then an inbox message would be better to send than a post on the person’s profile or ‘wall’. Furthermore, pop up ads will be placed on the selected websites. The company will first start with social networking websites as these are the simplest to deal with. They will then follow these up with emails to other individuals and finally post the pop up ads on selected websites. By the end of it all, the company will have reached a wide client base. Once purchases are made, it will continue to send messages to those consumers in order to inform them about new company developments. All the messages and communications will contain crucial information about the products. The company will state the name of the product, display a visual image of it and will also add a small slogan at the bottom. In some advertisements, it will be â€Å" for the man who makes this happen†; in others it will be â€Å"taste the excellent taste of real brandy† and other slogans which will be customised depending on the target audience. Since some of the websites involved maybe in foreign language then t he information provided by Pisco Biondi will need to be translated for such kinds of customers. The last phase in this marketing strategy will be the monitoring phase. The company will compare all the numbers of people who responded to their call to action in the social networking websites concerned, the emails sent as well as the click throughs on the their pop up advertisements. By comparing these figures, the firm will be in a position to measure how effective the marketing campaign was. It should be noted that some of the consumers may not use the same method of communication that the company employed but these observations will be easily made by the company which will already posses a database that contains all the information concerning how they reached that respective consumer. This phase should then lead back to step one if it has been found that the success rate is lower than normal for any communication channel employed. Pisco should then reanalyse their consumers to find out what they could be doing wrong (Malthouse, 2001). Conclusion The key thing to being successful using this marketing method is to really focus on targeting. Instead of sending messages to everyone in a social networking website or sending messages to any email address that the company can find, it would definitely be more effective to send the messages to people who are prepared to receive them or people who are willing to act on those messages by making a purchase. The company needs to make sure the emails are relevant so that they can capture the concerned market’s attention easily and without too much fuss. The trick is always to stay informed about the social cultural background of the buyer and hence provide him or her with a customised message that would make sense or appeal to him or her in the marketing process. References Blattberg, R. Petrison, L. (1997). Database marketing: past, present and future. direct marketing journal, 11(4), 63-70 Campbell, A. (1997). Re lationship marketing in consumer markets: a comparison of managerial and consumer attitudes. Direct marketing journal, 6(54), 89-93 Chhajed, D. Chiang, W. (2003). Direct marketing, indirect profits: a strategic analysis of dual channel supply chain design. Management science journal, 4(32), 103-115 Geransar, R. (2008). Evaluating online direct to consumer marketing of genetic tests: informed choices or buyer beware? Genetic testing journal, 3(15), 41-52 Haughton, D. (1997). Direct marketing modelling. Direct marketing journal, 4(5), 67 King, D., Turban. E. Warkentin, M. (2000). Electronic commerce: a managerial perspective. Najah: Najah university press Malthouse, E. (2001). Assessing the performance of direct marketing scoring models. Interactive marketing journal, 15(1), 174-190 Milne, G. (2000). Consumer privacy and name removal across direct marketing channels: exploring opt in and opt out alternatives. Public policy journal, 3(15), 32-38 Novak, T. Hoffman, D. (1999). Buildin g consumer trust online. Communications of the ACM, 3(4), 24 Nowak, G. (2008). Direct marketing and the use of individual level consumer information: determining how and when privacy matters. Direct marketing journal, 10(2), 345 Raghu, T. Kiang, M. (2000). Marketing on the internet-who can benefit from an online marketing approach? Decision support journal, 2(17), 239-245 Peltier, J. Schribrowsky, J. (1997). The use of need based segmentation for developing segment specific direct marketing strategies, 5(8), 333-345 Spiller, P. (1997). A classification of internet retail stores, 31(2), 70-74 Stone, B. (2007). Successful direct marketing methods. London: Mcmillan Zahavi, J. (1997). Applying neural computing to target marketing. Direct marketing journal, 11(4), 1522 This assessment on Plan for an emarketing initiative: Pisco Biondi was written and submitted by user Alexis I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Did the Soldiers Themselves Give a More Accurate essays

Did the Soldiers Themselves Give a More Accurate essays In this essay I will be comparing official accounts, soldiers accounts, paintings, poems, and textbook sources based on trench warfare. Section A is a series of textbook sources and I will be comparing these to sources in Sections B, C, and D. I will be also comparing these sources to a video that e watched in class. Whilst I compare the sources I will be considering the reliability, accuracy, validity, and the source of every different account. To find out how accurate each source is I will be discussing the provenance, content, other sources and my own knowledge. I have taken into mind that the historians and soldiers will have different views to one another. Most information in the form of paintings and photos would have probably been censored. All of the soldiers accounts would have been from memory and might not be as reliable as the textbook sources that are very reliable because they are secondary evidence. I will also have to consider the time that the source was taken or recorded, the location and weather the writer had a motive or not. Depending on the position that the soldiers were will make some sources less reliable. This is because one source could say that the soldiers were in a good condition and one could say they werent. For each source I will be commenting on them and then comparing them to the other sources in the booklet that we were provided. If the sources that are in Sections B, C, and D can be linked I with the sources in Section A I will immediately know weather they are reliable or not, this is because the sources in section A are very reliable the information in the other sources that I linked to them has a very strong chance of being reliable. I will be using section A, which are textbook sources as the basis to test the reliability of the official accounts and soldiers accounts. I know that the textbook sources will generally be reliable, as the historians have researched the info...

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Recommended Creative Nonfiction Edward Abbey, Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness (1968)James Agee, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941)Martin Amis, Experience (1995)Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1970)Russell Baker, Growing Up (1982)James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (1963)Julian Barnes, Nothing to Be Frightened Of (2008)Alan Bennett, Untold Stories (2005)Wendell Berry, Recollected Essays (1981)Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island (1995)Anthony Burgess, Little Wilson and Big God: Being the First Part of the Confessions of Anthony Burgess (1987)Joseph Campbell, The Hero With a Thousand Faces (1949)Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (1965)Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962)Pat Conroy, The Water Is Wide (1972)Harry Crews, A Childhood: The Biography of a Place (1978)Joan Didion, We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live: Collected Nonfiction (2006)Joan Didion, The Year of Magical Thinking (2005)Annie Dillard, An American Childhood (1987)Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek (1974) Barbara Ehrenreich, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (2001)Gretel Ehrlich, The Solace of Open Spaces (1986)Loren Eiseley, The Immense Journey: An Imaginative Naturalist Explores the Mysteries of Man and Nature (1957)Ralph Ellison, Shadow and Act (1964)Nora Ephron, Crazy Salad: Some Things About Women (1975)Joseph Epstein, Snobbery: The American Version (2002)Richard P. 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ORourke, Parliament of Whores (1991)Susan Orlean, My Kind of Place: Travel Stories from a Woman Whos Been Everywhere (2004)George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933)George Orwell, Essays (2002)Cynthia Ozick, Metaphor and Memory (1989)Robert Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1975)Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory (1982)Lillian Ross, Picture (1952)David Sedaris, Me Talk Pretty One Day (2000) Richard Selzer, Taking the World in for Repairs (1986)Zadie Smith, Changing My Mind: Occasional Essays (2009)Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation and Other Essays (1966)John Steinbeck, Travels with Charley (1962)Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (1970)Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell (1974)E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963; rev. 1968)Hunter S. 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Analytical summary - Essay Example The article goes ahead to determine various aspects such as Australian identity, the relation between the different political systems in the country, the economy, and immigration, all in the form of debates. It addresses various perspectives include the future prospects of Asia through an engagement with Australia, while at the same time fearing that indeed there is a possibility that Australia would be left behind in a similar perspective. In making a justification of these perspectives, the authors refer to the views of different individuals including Kevin Rudd, Gough Whitlam, and the Australian Labor Prime Minister. China and Australia have indeed been great friends for long periods, even though to many, it seems as if the they have just become new friends, considering that Australia currently hosts a significant number of Chinese. The article goes ahead to address the various political situations that have c hanged over the past, with Asia and particularly China making a significant contribution in the political imagery. This puts Australia in a controversial position of manipulations by both its central geographical location as well as the ideological commitment to Asia. ‘Asia’ possesses great threat to Howard in matters of identity, considering the ease of immigration of ‘Asia’ into Australia, making Howard make an argument giving ‘Asia’ a rare opportunity to make entry and integrate into Australia. ‘Asia’ was increasingly growing economically especially China in the global markets, and therefore, Australia would significantly benefit from the perspective; however, better ties would have to be developed between ‘Asia’ and Australia. Chinese had been making entry into Australia and their significant numbers was a call for worry and hope in equal measures. The major way through which such a perspective would be achieved is by increasing the use of Asian

Screen Writing for Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Screen Writing for Television - Essay Example The positive aspect is that things would change for the better as soon as the boom period arrives for the screenwriters. The hiring companies will have to pay the price of cost-cutting later. The change in current trends in the TV industry for screenwriters can be seen in primarily three fields. First, the reward for writer’s job has got curtailed. Reputed writers can still command the desired price. They can still get their quote, but there’s a resistance to paying it, as companies are not as willing and eager to pay as they used to be before the slump. Negotiation has become tougher these days irrespective of the rank and esteem of the writer. Some of the writers’ quotes have become doubtful; it has become harder to negotiate (Mazin, 2009). A view of the bargaining with the writers’ team shows that the team members need to show bravery and selflessness to clinch a favorable deal to write the IPA. The meeting between the guild members and the writers’ team supported by WCG in Canada speaks of writers’ passion for their craft, enforced with the facts and numbers made available by WCG people that work in the interests of the screenwriters. The environment at the bargaining table is no less harsh, similar to as it can happen with some face-to-face meeting with the workers’ union. Things do not move for the better with each day passing in the bargaining process with some members of the writers’ team disappointing the team. Failure to reach a contract by all interest groups should not be random practice considering that the business volume touched the mark of $2.39 billion in production in 2010/2011 in the Canadian TV and films market (CDN Screenwriter, 2012). Secondly, the trend of one step deal with the writers is on the high. Some production studios do not provide any other choice for writers. Thirdly, the load of work has increased greatly to get a job as a screenwriter.  

Individual Freedom And Rights

Individual Freedom And Rights Is it most important to value ones own life, happiness and interest or to obey the higher authority of the state? This statement raises the question of the individuals freedom and rights in comparison to the states control over individuals life. In this paper I will be arguing against Socrates and Confucius view of placing the state ahead of the individual. This paper is constructed along my line of defense which looks at the issues and arguments around the individual freedom and rights. This argument largely dwells on the concept of freedom from Socratic and Confucius philosophy, Christianity and individual freedom and also modern/postmodern thinking on this subject. The concept of freedom and rights in ancient Greek Philosophy Socrates and Confucius are two major philosophers who tried to develop the relationship between the individual freedom, rights and the state control (Philosophy study guide). According to Beck both Confucius and Socrates lived in cultures where hereditary privilege was the main factor in social status. Neither of them was extremely high-born, but they certainly were not peasants either (Beck 2010:14) .Socrates contributed much on political discussion, he did not engage in political career. He was so much concerned with how state laws were implemented in city life style, which determined a healthy relationship between the citizens and the state. However, this relationship should not be forced or coerced on them rather it should come naturally. Both Socrates and Confucius teachings were meant to prepare men for the world of politics. This is why they both stressed the value and importance of ideals and portrayed the ideal state in the midst of various prevailing governments which were far from perfect. They criticized their unjust practices and diagnosed their problems. Socrates seems to have gone into more detail in delineating the different types of government (Beck 2010:7). But Confucius went further by teaching about the importance of self control and temperature. It taught about the ideals of social controls and proper behavior. Beck maintains that for Socrates and the Greeks personal behavior was focused more on the individual as his own responsibility of self-discipline and did not extend so strongly into the social milieu. The rules of propriety were designed to bring harmony in relationships, while temperance is concerned with the harmony within the individual (Beck 2010:5 ).This shows how individual freedom and rights played an important role in the mind of the Greeks. Of course, the State is important but too is individual liberty. However, both men emphasized the need for advancement of knowledge. This knowledge is to be taught in schools and public places. Confucian philosophy it today, being practiced in Japan, Korea and China. It puts much emphasis on learning and educational values but imitating the master teachers words and deeds. Education is therefore, being used to correct some unbecoming behavior from the ethical perspectives (Philosophy study guide). The ideals of Confucius philosophy has been translated into human behavior and values in the Far eastern societies. Taking the lessons from the Socratic and Confucius ideology, this philosophy emphasizes the need to practice virtue and temperature at all times, thus avoiding friction and rash actions (Beck, 2010). Christianity and individual rights Christianity was born in Palestine at the time of Roman colonial rule. The relationship between Christianity and the State was somewhat not healthy, as these two entities often collided both in principle and practice. Being a Roman Citizen at the time would incorporate many responsibilities and roles which one needed to follow. However, the Romans were considered to be atheists for their insistence on emperor worship. Roman Citizens were commanded by the law to publicly follow and worship the cultic figures that represented the Roman gods. This worship was characterized through private and public worship and giving of sacrifices (Stumbaugh Balch, 1996) in special places and temples. However, for many years intellectuals and philosophers began to question this cultic worship. Roman Citizens were required to perform some rituals, prayers and sacrifice to company their worship. Through this worship all citizens were obliged to affirm their allegiance to the emperor. Christians refused to follow the demands of the state to follow the worship of demi gods of Roman religions. As a result, this refusal led to the persecution of Christians who insisted in worshipping their only God and Lord Jesus Christ. Christians decided to live in different set of life style which is different from the religious institutions of the Roman Empire and its social environment. This shows the unhealthy relationship between the state and the church. This forced the Apostle Paul to address the issue of obeying the state laws and control in the Romans Chapter 13. The divine right of rulers has been disputed and discussed over the years. The question often asked is whether Christians are obliged to follows state laws and regulations. How far should Christians go to obey the laws of the state even when it is against their religion? For many years, Christian theologians and theologians have tried to grapple with the concept of the State and the Church. There are those who believe that the Church and State are mere sides of the same coin and therefore, Church leaders should be involved inn the affairs of the State. This view was largely developed by theologians such as Martin Luther, Zwingli and John Calvin (Stumbaugh Balch, 1996). It is through this theological thought that led to State Churches such as the Church of England and Lutheran Churches that are commonly found in the Scandinavian countries. On the other hand, there are those theological views which holds that Church is supreme over the State because it subscribes to the higher heavily powers. It is this divine authority which makes many churches to argue that they subjected to divine power and not state control. Those theologians who subscribes to this thought argue that the State is in subsidiary position to Church. Through out the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church view developed the notion that Church and State must be separate or remain separate entities. This thought also advocates that State and Church that must not just remain separate but is also independent of one another (Bramsted, 1978). Most of theologians hold the view that Church and State different entities and have different origins. The Church owes its origin and allegiance to God and therefore Christian followers need to express their allegiance from God. Whereas the State, is seen as the divine institution that has been put in place by God for human Society to exercise power and authority of human beings. However, the Church has no control over men, but can only appeal to their minds, hearts and consciences. As a result, those who have accepted to be under the rule of the Church must adhere to Cannon laws, rules and regulations (Stumbaugh Balch, 1996). In this case, the church would exercise authority over them, control their behavior patterns, thoughts and lives. The Church also has the power to correct, admonish or even discipline those who contrary to the rules of their faith. The concept of freedom and rights in modern European philosophy Modernity is considered to be the period between 1750 to late 1960s. The development of ideas in the western world is closely connected with the philosophical thoughts of their day. This period was associated with enlightenment thought often associated with scientific progress, technological advancement and industrial revolution. This new thinking permeated social thinking, values and relations. One those of those philosophers who contributed greatly to the development of enlightenment thinking in relation to individual freedom and rights were Jean Jacques Rousseau. Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived between 1772 to 1778, is one of those philosophers who committed his life to follows the ideal of liberty during his political career. He followed the political line of republican persuasions and sympathized with the Republican ideals. He argued that the advent of western civilization corrupted the goodness of human nature (Friend, 2004). He emphasized that progress in the arts and sciences contributed to moral degeneration and the decay of modern societies. He argued that human beings existed because they live social groups that later produced inequality. And therefore, once people begins to live in fixed relations like social groups, the quest for freedom begins to emerge because they want to free themselves from social bondages and oppressive social contracts. Therefore, this is the beginning of social inequalities and oppressions. Concerning Civil Society, Rousseau argues that it was founded by the person or people who emerged by enclosing people in groups. Then it claimed ownership over the piece of land. Therefore, civil society has been used by individuals to justify and maintain relations in property, which is based on inequality and associated moral decays (Friend, 2004). However, although people have the will to choose what is right for them, it is important for everybody to set aside their own personal and ethno-cultural interests for the common good of others. Although, the concept of common goal is important, most scholars believe that it leads to a form of dictatorial leadership or authoritarian leadership. It also leads to dictatorship of the majority. The other European who developed this concept of the rights of man is Thomas Paine. He advocated for the rights of man theory was about the defense of the Principles of French Revolution. The other philosopher who contributed to the development of individual freedom was Thomas Pain. According to Paine, human beings are born with equal, human rights even though they do not live isolation with others in the society. Every human being has the right to live in freedom and enjoy the benefits of cooperation with others in the society. However, this is not often realized, in our societies because these principles are often violated because human beings are not perfect. They have imperfect and naturally deprived nature that always wants to do evil. Paine argued therefore, that the natural rights of all people can only be secured when people learn to deposit those rights which they cannot uphold as individual human beings. Nevertheless, the state has the overall of the individuals life especially when it comes to addressing the issues of violence against humanity. The state also has the overall rights over the protection against the harm of others. To him, it is only the state that has the mandate to ensure the stability of our societies. This means that a legitimate government must be based on the concept of people rule for the sake of the people (Friend, 2004). This type of government is what is often refereed to as democracy. It is only the democratic government that can be considered as a legitimate form of government which represents the rights of the people. Democratic governments are meant to defend and protect the rights of individual human beings and secure the security of all citizens (Bramsted, 1978). The concept of freedom and rights in the post modern world views Much of the western culture resulted from the matrix of the enlightenment period. It promoted the attitude of tolerance towards others and relative view towards belief of any time. The Enlightenment doctrine promoted then doctrine of individualism, purporting that individuals are free, emancipated and must act in autonomy. The basic principles democracy is based on the notion of government consent, in other words, it is about people centered government that is elected by people for the people. The power given to people derives from the electorates. The concept of individual rights to freedom has attracted lots criticism from the intellectual communities and philosophers. The Marxist philosopher argues that the rights of individual go contrary to social progress because they are not in line with cultural or historical relativity (Bramsted, 1978). Postmodernism rejected the enlightenment views that characterized much of then 18th to 19th century. Post modernism promoted the notion of pluralism, individualism and relativism. It rejected the notion of one blue print or overall dominant theme that dictates the thinking of man. Instead, it calls for the plural form of human relations. It opposes the notion of meta-narratives and calls for one many narratives in expanding human story. Contrary to the Enlightenment theory, post modernism attacks this concept of development or progress or the so called notion of forward match of history. Therefore, the principles of justice, freedom and rights in the postmodern world view are very much fragmented. It is also socially constructed depending on the social, economic, cultural and political contexts. The World western mostly exercise liberalism which is based on freedom and rights of individual human beings. This is why post modernism is often in loggerhead with modern enlightenment theor y (Bramsted 1978). However, the Liberal individualism which subscribes to Liberal democracy promotes the ideals of civil and political liberties. Civil liberty is big movement in the USA that pressures for the rights of Citizens. The theory of rights advocates for the rights of others and as well as their own. Such rights include life and liberty of others. This view has developed into human rights movement that taken centre stage in the world of politics advocating for universal human rights. Liberalism emphasizes the value of universal freedom and cosmopolitan citizenship. This view argues that individuals are allowed to display distinctive commitment to their personal lives but not to enforce them others. Civil liberties also argue that the government has no right to infiltrate into their personal lives. This means that we all have the rights to live a peaceful and free life without interference from the state (Bramsted, 1978). Personal Opinion Freedom is some thing which we all cherish and hold on to ideally. But individual freedom is something that is socially constructed. The concept of freedom has been misinterpret and misconceived. These views of freedom are erroneous in nature. Some people think that freedom is the absence of laws, regulation and restrictions. I have personally heard a teenager shouting back saying that they want to be free from their parents rules and regulations. Some even think that freedom is without anarchy or live a life without rules and regulations or rules. Many people and especially young people think that freedom is about living irresponsibility, without being responsible or being accountable to any body. For some people freedom is about the avoidance of work and obligation. This equates to laziness and being slack. But from my own understanding, freedom demands much of our time and work than when in bondage. When your are bound, you are well looked after by your captors for instance when you are in prison, it is the responsibility of the prison authorities to look after you. Further I have heard some people saying that freedom is retiring from responsibility. But is not true because one cannot separate freedom from responsibility these are two sides of the same coins. Indeed, some extend, say that freedom is about relaxation from social boundaries and rules, but this is misconception. One does have to relax because they are free. By and large, some even argue that freedom is being released from external control. They argue that it is about being left alone to do what they want or like without control from the parents, employers or even the government. Conclusion This paper has attempted to answer the question whether it most important to value ones own life, happiness and interest or to obey the higher authority of the state. It is question which address the question of individual freedom and rights. Individual freedom and rights are two concepts that are intertwined together. One cannot do without the other. The concept of freedom is often associated with being released from the external controls whereby one thinks that they are not held accountable or responsible to the others. These two views have been very contentious for many years as scholars contend with them. Beginning with the Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Confucius, individual freedom and rights were discussed in more details. These philosophers taught that although we are free agents were are still subjected to human control and governance. This means that we are still obliged to follow the rules and regulations of the state. However, the issue of obeying the state and its decrees is what caused much friction between the church and the state. For many years, the first century were persecuted by the Roman governments for now disobeying the emperors orders on cultic worship. This factor was taken board by theologians for many years latter as to whether the church is free from the powers of the state. This is also implied as to whether indeed Christians are free from following the rules and regulations ordered by the state. During the enlightenment period various thoughts began to emerge concerning the issue of individual freedom and right from modern Europe philosophers. These discourse produced further debates on liberalism, democracy and human rights. Following the end of modernity the postmodern paradigm began to emerge to give different views to those ones held by modernity thinkers. The post modern mind view argues that there is one met narratives, that we all have our stories of what is right and wrong, we should follow what is appropriate for us. I would not subscribe to any of these views but a mixture of both. I would like to argue that individual freedom is there, but we have to be accountable to what we do to others. Our concept of freedom, rights and happiness must be inline with the laws of our societies.

Research Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies

Contents Page Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Research Question (or hypothesis)†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Research (including methodology)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Executive SummaryThe focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of the communities, local and government authorities. It will focus mainly on those practices involving community cooperation and portray how they are successful or unsuccessful in reducing criminality in high crime areas. Firstly, the topic of this research report in clearly stated below. The methods used to acquire the information contained in this research report are also described below.The literature review discusses the three main themes found in the allocated articles relating to community crime prevention. These include techniques to reduce juvenile crime; fear of crime between the community members and the social divides that are created by implementing community crime prevention strategies. The findings discuss, in depth, the effects on the three themes mentioned above once these prevent ion strategies were implemented. It gives examples of peoples experiences with crime and crime prevention. Finally the discussion presents the outcomes achieved, that are shown by the various uthors. It also touches on the government’s involvement and how it can be improved. The conclusion sums up all the findings in this report and gives an idea of future hope for less crime. Research Question (or hypothesis) ‘What are the leading practices in the field of community crime prevention? You can choose to either research and discuss a wide range of different community crime prevention strategies, or focus on an example of a particular technique and research its successes, limitations and applications. ’ The topic of this paper discusses community crime prevention.It talks about a range of different types of prevention strategies that are used to reduce or minimise crime targeted areas or fields. The various effects of these strategies are shown throughout the report . Research (including methodologies) Before composing this research report, the methodology exercised for this task was content analysis. Content analysis demands for the reader to read ‘in between the lines'. Its main requirement is to draw conclusions from the information presented and apply it to the point being made.The requirements of this methodology are to research and locate a range of reliable secondary resources, applying them to strengthen the argument of crime prevention. Primary research was not conducted as that would have been a more advanced project and is not part of the academic requirement for an undergraduate level. Many different databases were used such as the internet, university databases, academic libraries and Google scholar. Access to libraries and the internet were vital in achieving this task.The scholarly articles were beneficial to this task as the composers of these articles had conducted detailed research themselves, allowing their information to support the point being made in this task. Literature Review Many areas are now trying to implement community crime prevention in order to get citizens more involved in reducing or preventing crime in their neighbourhoods. The articles discuss the different techniques being used to implement this change. One main strategy is connecting the citizens to the criminals.By doing so the citizens are able to see the results that occur when people become criminals. The three main themes explored in these articles are: 1. Youth/ juvenile violence, 2. Social divide created between communities, and 3. Reducing fear of crime The philosophy of Robert Peel that â€Å"the police are the public and the public are the police†, is one that perfectly sums up the relationship between the police and the rest of the community (Lentz & Chaires 2007). This quote suggests that law enforcement needs approval from citizens and residents of neighbourhoods to perform their duties correctly.Meaning, th is requires the police to maintain an informed relationship with the community. By doing so they are reducing the reoccurrence of the themes in crime prevention mentioned above. Previously, there was not enough knowledge or resources amongst communities to raise awareness or organise crime prevention programs for juveniles. Today, schools together with police and community-based workers are aiming to provide the expertise to help create crime prevention programs for juveniles.It is believed that that one of the most active crime prevention strategies is effective intervention programs. A substantial number of crimes amongst adolescence are detected from anti-social behaviours. Youth need to be more involved in their community activities such as church associated groups, sports clubs, recreation centres (Dodington et al 2012, p. 1026). Other school organisations such as ‘Links to Learning’ helps adolescences engage in activities that will teach worthy skills for future w ork and careers.All these extracurricular activities will give youth less time to consider committing crimes and more time to become involved in the community. The National Crime Prevention 1999 quotes â€Å"an improved understanding of the early childhood origins of juvenile delinquency highlights the opportunities for prevention programs† (Bor et al 2001, p. 5). One of the limitations of creating community based crime prevention and linking the citizens to crime and criminal is that it creates social divisions between citizens.Usually the higher and middle class citizens are involved in community project and the lower class citizens are left out. This makes the lower class citizens inferior and targeted for being the ones who are expected to commit acts of crime. This creates a division of ‘us’ (higher class) and ‘them’ (lower class). Ward (1997, p. 4) suggests â€Å"situational crime prevention approach may displace crime, tends to benefit middle and upper classes at the expense of the poor people, and may increase the fear of crime. It also may create a siege mentality, isolating individuals and families. He then further states that complaints, of disturbances, made to the police are not always filed. Firstly, the police are given the authority to decide whether the complaint is serious enough, secondly if the victim and criminal have met before and finally judging by the victims social class (Ward 1997, p. 5). In order to effectively reduce crime, relationships between communities and local authorities need to be addressed. The presence of police may be quite contradictory to residents, it can be comforting for some but disturbing for others.If residents are not aware of measures being taken by police to help prevent crime, they cannot assume their presence is positive but rather understand that more crime is occurring (Mesko et al 2007, p. 70). This will further increase the fear in residents caused by the occurrence of criminal activity in their neighbourhoods’. One resident of Hyde Park describes her lifestyle to have become based upon fear. Since her home was broken into 3 years ago, a gun is always present beside her through the night; the TV is on the entire time she is at home and an alarm system has been installed.The extreme fear is shown in these extra precautions, â€Å"When I come home late at night, I always blow my horn before I get out of the car, so I make sure that a neighbour is looking out. When I sleep at night, there are at least three lights on. † (Ward 1997, p. 5). Complaints have been made to the police, however not knowing the severity of the case; no serious action has been taken. This, again, clearly shows a lack of communication between authorities and their neighbourhoods. Findings It is very clear from the above review that great measures are being taken to try and reduce or even eliminate crime within communities.Law enforcement authorities originally wou ld address crime; however, today citizens are becoming more active and involved in keeping their own communities safe. The results of the first theme, youth/juvenile violence, found that this violence originated from childhood behaviours and therefore should be addressed at these early stages. In doing so crimes committed by youth should be minimised. The main notion believed to reduce youth violence is ‘diversion’. Creating a distraction or alternative for youth is the only way to keep them from winding up face to face with the criminal justice system.This idea argued that juvenile offenders who are placed before the justice system are done more harm than good and are more likely to reoffend. On the other hand, diversions such as sporting activities or after school programs need to be created. These diversions will keep the minds of these ‘adults in the making’ off negative thoughts to commit crimes (Tilley 2005, p. 356). Detective Sergeant Heslop (1991), agreeing with the notion of diversion, states â€Å"Often there is little point in punishing an offender, as the punishment can be shown to be counterproductive. †¦ ] By charging them we are often condemning them to further and deeper involvement in the juvenile justice system, which is, it is submitted, a failure. † He also goes on to say that diversion is the greatest prevention tool and if used appropriately law enforcement can battle juvenile crime more efficiently. The next discussion was the social divide created within the communities when trying to implement crime prevention. Not all citizens were eager to work side by side with police to manage criminal activity.Studies show that people with higher levels of wealth and quality of life are more likely to cooperate with police as they have more to lose. However the rest of the general public, those classified to have lower levels of wealth and standards of living, were reluctant to become involved as they didnâ₠¬â„¢t have much to lose and were viewed as those more likely to commit crimes (Mesko 2007, p. 84). This divide within the community allowed citizens of the higher class to feel a sense of empowerment through their involvement with the police and once again created isolation for those individuals classified as a part of the lower social class.However the people of the lower social class can also be to blame. It is asserted by Podolefsky (1983) that generally when crimes are committed and no action is taken, liability is placed upon the police. Community members prefer to abuse authorities rather than cooperate and help put criminals away (cited in Ward 1997, p. 5). The final theme discussed is reducing the fear of crime in citizens. Findings show that people are afraid for their safety and do not want to be victims of crime. As a result of this fear, rates of crimes are increasing.In order to relieve this fear people started using different methods to defend themselves such as carryi ng guns, knives and other protective weapons (Mesko 2007, p. 75). Ward (1997, p. 5) also proves this as â€Å"(a)lmost all residents and business owners interviewed either formally or informally owned guns and kept them nearby, ready for use. † Police are given the primary role of fighting crime and are expected to â€Å"eliminate all evil in society so that the ‘good citizen’ can live in freedom without living fear† (Mesko 2007 p. 81).But to give this role to police solely and not have community crime prevention programs will not guarantee reducing crime within communities and furthermore not reduce fear of crime. Discussion The main point for discussion in this research paper is that community development is a necessary approach to addressing crime and promoting justice in our nation (Acosta & Chavis 2007, p. 653). Over the years, police were given the main responsibility to deal with crime; however the development of a community approach will allow memb ers to engage in ddressing socials issues such as crime. This approach also gives member a responsibility to help maintain a safe living location. As pointed out in Acosta and Chavis (2007, p. 654) â€Å"In the community development approach, community members are responsible for solving community problems; to meet this responsibility, community members are given a voice and collective power to influence decisions and social outcomes that will affect their lives. † Some authors argue the effectiveness of an approach involving community crime prevention.The National Crime prevention Framework (Australian Institute of Criminology 2011) believes this approach has proved to be effective, with outcomes such as: †¢Reducing crime and other concerning problems within the community, †¢Increased safety and unity leading to less victimisation, †¢More emotional and psychological support for those who have been victims of crime, and †¢Reducing crimes by those who have previously offended or been engaged in antisocial behaviour. The efficiency of allowing the public to participate in the decision making related to crime, is also shown through the great outcomes achieved in the youth discipline.Partnerships were created with local universities that resulted in service learning programs and continuous student internships which were important in establishing students’ careers by putting them on the right path. Another great accomplishment was that students were achieving better results in school and their behaviours and negative attitudes were definitely improving (Pickens 2011, p. 19-21). An important outcome as clarified by Pickens (2011, p. 20) was â€Å"increasing youth’s awareness about risky behaviour, violence, weapons, drugs, and alcohol†, which was said to be the major motivation for all the other improvements.A topic that has been mentioned by various authors is the amount of government involvement in community crime pr evention. It is suggested by Australian Institute of Criminology (2011) that first and foremost the government can help to minimise crime, â€Å"Governments can address factors that influence the opportunities for crime to occur through its various responsibilities in areas such as managing public space and building design, providing community recreational services and developing policies that affect local businesses and urban development processes. Furthermore, Greenberg and Rohe (1984) indicate â€Å"(t)he physical design and appearance of a community (i. e. , structural assets) affect criminal access†(cited in Acosta & Chavis 2007, p. 654). Consequently, through developing safer public places governments can begin to create safer public environments. The articles and supporting documents used to assemble this research report were generally discussing very similar aspects of community crime prevention.Topics included juvenile crime prevention, the fear of crime that has be en developing in citizens and the community crime prevention strategies that were being used to reduce and prevent crime within neighbourhoods. To increase the effectiveness of these approaches further research should be conducted in the areas of government participation. To take community crime prevention to the next level, local government should consider formalising or enforcing requirements that must be met by all citizens.All citizens should be expected to be involved in creating a safer and combined community. Conclusion Summing up, the involvement of community members in prime prevention is an effective technique. With the help of schools, police, and citizens crime has been reduced in youth, fear of crime has been minimised and social relationships strengthened. More communities should be encouraged to implement more strategies involving their citizens. A final thought is whether governments should consider enforcing community crime prevention in all areas to enable safer li ving environments.